The Processes of Artificial Breeding in Beef Cattle
Artificial INSEMINATION
Introduction
Artificial insemination is the technique in which semen with living sperms is collected from the male person and introduced into female reproductive tract at proper fourth dimension with the assist of instruments. This has been found to outcome in a normal offspring. In this process, the semen is inseminated into the female person by placing a portion of it either in a nerveless or diluted form into the cervix or uterus by mechanical methods at the proper time and under nearly hygienic conditions. The showtime scientific research in artificial insemination of domestic animals was performed on dogs in 1780 past the Italian scientist, Lazanno Spalbanzani. His experiments proved that the fertilizing power reside in the spermatozoa and not in the liquid portion of semen. Few further studies under research station weather helped this technique to be used commercially allover the earth including India.
Artificial insemination is not merely a novel method of bringing virtually impregnation in females. Instead, it is a powerful tool mostly employed for livestock comeback. In artificial insemination the germplasm of the bulls of superior quality can exist finer utilized with the least regard for their location in far away places. Past adoption of artificial insemination, at that place would exist considerable reduction in both genital and non-genital diseases in the subcontract stock.
SYMPTOMS OF HEAT
The various symptoms of heat are
- The fauna will exist excited condition. The fauna volition be in restlessness and nervousness.
- The beast will be bellow frequency.
- The animal will reduce the intake of feed.
- Peculiar move of limbo sacral region will b observed.
- The animals which are in heat will lick other animals and smelling other animals.
- The animals will try to mount other animals
- The animals will standstill when other animal try to mount.. This period is known as standing oestrus. This extends xiv-xvi hours.
- Frequent maturation (urination) volition be observed.
- Clear mucous discharge will be seen from the vulva, sometimes it volition be string like the mucous will be seen stick to the near the pasts of valva.
- Swelling of the valva will be seen.
- xi Congestion and hyperemia of membrane.
- The tail will exist in raised position.
- Milk production will exist slightly decreased.
- On Palpation uterus will exist turgid and the neck volition be opened.
A.I. ADVANTAGES – DISADVANTAGES
Advantages and disadvantages:
Artificial insemination (A.I.) is deposition of semen into the female genital tract by means of instruments.
ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION:
There are several advantages by artificial insemination over natural mating or servicing.
- At that place is no demand of maintenance of breeding bull for a herd; hence the price of maintenance of breeding bull is saved.
- It prevents the spread of certain diseases and sterility due to genital diseases.
- Eg: contagious abortion, vibriosis.
- Past regular examination of semen later collection and frequent checking on fertility make early on detection of interior males and better breeding efficiency is ensured.
- The progeny testing can be done at an early age.
- The semen of a desired size tin can exist used even after the death of that detail sire.
- The semen collected can be taken to the urban areas or rural areas for insemination.
- seven It makes possible the mating of animals with great differences in size without injury to either of the animal.
- Information technology is helpful to inseminate the animals that are refuse to stands or accept the male at the time of oestrum.
- It helps in maintaining the authentic breeding and cawing records.
- It increases the rate of conception.
- It helps in better record keeping.
- Old, heavy and injured sires can be used.
Disadvantages of A.I:
- Requires well-trained operations and special equipment.
- Requires more fourth dimension than natural services.
- Necessitates the cognition of the structure and function of reproduction on the part of operator.
- Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to lower fertility.
- If the balderdash is not properly tested, the spreading of genital diseases will be increased.
- Market for bulls will exist reduced, while that for superior balderdash is increased.
SEMEN Drove METHODS AND EVALUATION:
Various methods of collection of semen have been devised from time to time. The older unsatisfactory methods accept gradually replaced past the new modernistic techniques.
In that location are three common methods.
- Apply of bogus vagina
- By Electro-stimulation method.
- By massaging the ampulae of the duct us differences through rectal wall.
- The platonic method of semen drove is use of bogus vagina which is prophylactic for sire and the collector also.
ARTIFICIAL VAGINA METHOD
The bogus vagina has the following parts:
- A heavy difficult rubber 2" lose, open at both ends with a nostle for air and water in and outlet.
- Inner sleeve of rubber or rubber liner.
- The semen receiving cone or rubber cone.
- Semen drove tube made of drinking glass or plastic graduate in cc and its fraction correct to 0.one CC
- Insulating bag Before using for semen collection all the parts are washed thoroughly and sterilized properly, and assembled equally artificial vagina, the rubber liner is inserted into the hose; inverting both ends back by folding dorsum from either side opening, and fastening with rubber bands. At present the space between the hard safe hose and inner safety liner forms a water tight compartment. The nostle at one end of the hose can exist fixed .
PARTS OF Artificial VAGINA
Turning through the threaded nut upwardly or down. The water jacket of the Bogus -vagina is- filled with hot h2o at a temperature of 45°C (113°F) by opening the nostle. The graduated semen drove tube is fixed to the narrow end of the artificial vagina hose, and fastened by a rubber band. The inner side of the rubber liner on the anterior side of the artificial vagina is lubricated with sterile jelly to a length of iii to iv inches. Air is blown through the nostle into the h2o jacket, to create pressure in if, and the same is exerted the condom linear, to simulate natural vagina.
The temperature of the artificial vagina is to exist checked, at each drove, and information technology should simulate natural vagina at mounting fourth dimension. If the bogus vagina is to mount later. If it is also cold ejaculate may not be there afterward a thrust, or fifty-fifty if ejaculate is there; information technology may be contaminated with urine, and becomes unfit for utilize.
| SEMEN COLLECTION METHOD. (A.V.) The cow or dummy is secured in service create. The artificial vagina assembled is held at 45° angle from the management of penis, and the thrust is that angle. The artificial vagina is held with the left hand by a correct handed person; and when the bull mounts the cow, the sheath of the bull will be graphed by the operator, directing the gland penis into the bogus vagina, and then the bull gives a thrust to ejaculate. The operator should evince care so as non to touch the exposed past of the penis. After the bull dismounts, the artificial vagina is taken off from penis and the air vent is opened to release the pressure from the jacket. The h2o from the jacket is likewise drained by opening the nostle. This allows the ejaculate to menstruation from the cone to the semen collection tube. The semen collection tube is detached from the cone, plugged with cotton fiber wool, and taken to the laboratory for examination. The prophylactic cone and the semen drove tube can be protected from external contamination or heat or higher, past roofing with an insulation bag with aught. | |
SEMEN STORAGE
The discovery that bull semen could be successfully frozen and stored for indefinite periods has revolutionized AI in cattle. In 1949, British scientists discovered that addition of glycerol to the semen extender improved resistance of sperm to freezing. Glycerol acts to remove water from the sperm prison cell prior to freezing and prevents the formation of cellular ice crystals which would damage the sperm. There are two methods of freezing and storing semen: dry ice and alcohol (-100 degrees F) and liquid nitrogen (-320 degrees F). Liquid nitrogen is preferred because at that place is no evidence of fertility deterioration with historic period. Fertility gradually declines in semen stored in dry out water ice-booze.
Frozen semen can be stored indefinitely if proper temperature is maintained. A recent written report told of a calf built-in from frozen semen stored for sixteen years. Fresh, liquid semen tin can be successfully stored for 1 to iv days at 40 degrees F. Semen is usually stored in glass ampoules. Other methods appear promising, particularly the French-straw. Several AI organizations have gone to this method exclusively. Artificial coloring is frequently added to semen extenders in order to distinguish 1 breed from another. Complete identification of the bull is required on each private semen container.
INSEMINATION METHODS
In that location-are different methods insemination in different species of animals i.due east. speculum method, vaginal method and recto vaginal method.
Insemination
RECTO VAGINAL METHOD
In cattle the condom and best method of insemination is "Recto vaginal method of insemination". Cow which is in heat is well controlled placing it in a Travis. The inseminator will get ready by wearing a plastic apron, gumboots and gloves. The semen straw after thawing (keeping the semen straw in warm h2o for a minute to catechumen the freezed semen into liquid and the sperms become motile) is loaded in a sterilized A.I. gum and is covered with a plastic sheath. The inseminator will insert the gloved left hand into the rectum after applying the soft lather or other lubricant on the glove and back racked the brute, and the hand is further inserted and will catch hold the cervix through rectal wall. The A.I gum loaded with semen harbinger is passed.
Recto-vaginal method of insemination
Through the vulva to 'vagina and neck and observed with the paw in rectum that the A. I gum reaches the cervix, then the semen is deposited by injecting the gun, and after depositing the semen the gun is removed, the empty harbinger and sheath are matted.
SPECTRUM METHOD
In this method spectrum is placed in the vagina of the cow, which provides passage outside to the site of insemination, then inseminating tube is passed through the speculum and semen is deposited at the cervix insemination method.
VAGINAL METHOD
Paw is passed through the vagina and the inseminating tube is guided past paw to the site of insemination and semen is deposited. Hither there is a take a chance of contamination and injury of female ballocks.
FROZEN SEMEN AND STORAGE
Freezing of semen for successful preservation of spermatozoa, for long periods, is of smashing importance in livestock breeding and subcontract direction. It has made it possible" to brand available the use of outstanding proven sizes for larger number of cows, covering larger surface area, frozen semen shipment has become possible to dissimilar continents in the world to any place connected with whatsoever service. Now a day if farmer wants to use of an outstanding size for inheritance of high milk yield, he can go in for frozen semen service provided his area is, covered by Artificial insemination, with supply of frozen semen.
At present frozen semen is used in nigh of united states of america in Bharat. The technique of semen preservation in straws was developed in France . Freezing of semen is done with a special diluents, which has the following composition.
Sodium citrate dihydrate (athwart) 2.4 y. 2.0 gm 8.0 ml 25.0%byvolume 50,000 units per 100 ml of semen Fructose Glycerol Egg Yolk Penicillin dilulent. Dihydro-streptomycin fifty.0 mg per .100m1 of semen dilulent. Distilled water double glass distilled 100.Om1. The addition of glycerol to the dilulent makes the cells more resistant to the rigours of freezing and icy crystals, which form are smaller and smoother thus creating less damage to the spermatozoa. The addition of fructose to the diluent luprores sperm resistance to glycerol; and also provides diet.
Frozen semen is packed in single dose drinking glass vials or plastic straws at +v°C. The final level of glycerol should exist 7.0 to seven.half-dozen% during the freezing process. The antibiotics are added to inhibit bacteria and to impale pathetic organisms. The semen to be diluted in such a style that ane ml. of extended semen will incorporate twenty million motile spermatozoa. The semen must be cooled advisedly for spermatozoa to remain with life. The final temperature is lowered to -79°C or still lower. Quick freezing is done for a period of three to 5 minutes to -75°C with the help of atmosphere created past liquid nitrogen. In the tiresome freezing technique cooling is done at the rate of ane °C per infinitesimal from +v°C to -xv°C. From -15°C to -31 °C at the rate of 2°C per minute. From -31°C to 75°C at the charge per unit of 4 to 5°C per minute. Thus taking 40 minutes in full, further cooling to -96°C can exist done quickly as it is not disquisitional after freezing. Earlier freezing the diluted semen in equilibreated for 3 to five hours or for the all-time 16 to 20, hours catamenia in refrigerator at 5°C. Frozen semen facilitates the pct use of the semen diluted and frozen, and thus the delivery price is reduced, and information technology can be supplied with the gaps of months to the A.I technicians as against the supply of fluid semen every days or alternate days. Liquid nitrogen plays a vital office for storing the frozen semen straws, at a temperature of -196°C for longer periods.
(Source: http://bieap.gov.in/DairyAnimalManagementTheory.pdf )
Artificial insemination (AI) of cattle
Artificial insemination (AI) is the process of collecting sperm cells from a male animate being and manually depositing them into the reproductive tract of a female person. One can cite a number of potential benefits from the utilise of artificial insemination.
Increased efficiency of balderdash usage
During natural breeding, a male person will deposit much more than semen than is theoretically needed to produce a pregnancy. In addition, natural breeding is physically stressful. Both of these factors limit the number of natural mating a male tin can make. Yet, nerveless semen can exist diluted and extended to create hundreds of doses from a single ejaculate. As well, semen tin be easily transported; allowing multiple females in dissimilar geographical locations to exist inseminated simultaneously, and semen tin can exist stored for long periods of time, meaning that males tin can produce offspring long after their natural reproductive lives finish.
Increased potential for genetic selection
Because artificial insemination allows males to produce more offspring, fewer males are needed. Therefore, i can choose simply the few best males for employ as parents, increasing the choice intensity. Furthermore, because males can have more than offspring, their offspring can be used in a progeny test program to more than accurately evaluate the genetic value of the male. Finally, individual farmers can use bogus insemination to increase the genetic puddle with which his or her animals tin can be mated, potentially decreasing effects of inbreeding.
Male animals often abound to be larger than females and can consume relatively larger amounts of feed. Besides, male animals are often more than strong, powerful, and potentially ill-mannered and thus crave special housing and treatment equipment.
Increased safety for animals and farmers
Equally mentioned, male animals can go big and aggressive. These factors mean that maintaining a bull on a subcontract may be unsafe. Also, because of the relatively larger size of adult males than females, natural mating is more probable to result accidents and injury to either the moo-cow or the bull than is artificial insemination.
Reduced disease transmission
Natural mating allows for the transfer of venereal diseases between males and females. Some pathogens can be transmitted in semen through artificial insemination, but the collection process allows for the screening of disease agents. Nerveless semen is besides routinely checked for quality, which can aid avoid bug associated with male infertility.
Bogus insemination has some potential drawbacks, however, that must be considered. Get-go, it tin be more laborious. Male animals instinctively detect the females that are in the correct condition for conception. With artificial insemination the detection work falls on the responsibility of the farmer. Poor detection results in decreased rates of fertility. Also, increasing the number of offspring per male has selective advantages only if the all-time males can be accurately adamant. Otherwise this process only decreases the genetic variability in a population. Increasing the number of offspring per male person always reduces the gene pool. The benefits of more intense option must exist balanced against the negative furnishings of decreased variation.
( Source: www.naweb.iaea.org)
Bogus INSEMINATION TECHNIQUES
The technique of inseminating a cow is a skill requiring adequate knowledge, experience and patience. Improper AI techniques can negate all other efforts to obtain conception. Semen must exist deposited within the tract of the moo-cow at the best location and at the best time to obtain acceptable formulation rates. Early methods of AI involved deposition of the semen in the vagina, equally would occur in natural mating. Those methods are not satisfactory. Fertility is low and greater numbers of sperm are required. Some other method which gained popularity was the "speculum" method. This method is easily learned, simply proper cleaning and sterilizing of the equipment is necessary, making it more impractical to inseminate than with the rectovaginal technique which is the nigh widely used AI method today.
In the recto-vaginal technique a sterile, disposable catheter containing the thawed semen is inserted into the vagina and so guided into the cervix past ways of a gloved hand in the rectum. The inseminating catheter is passed through the spiral folds of the moo-cow's cervix into the uterus. Part of the semen is deposited just inside the uterus and the remainder in the cervix as the catheter is withdrawn. Expulsion of the semen should exist accomplished slowly and deliberately to avoid excessive sperm losses in the catheter. The body of the uterus is short; therefore, care should be taken not to penetrate too securely which might cause physical injury. In animals previously inseminated, the catheter should not exist forced through the neck since pregnancy is a possibility. Since research data testify niggling variation in formulation rates when semen is placed in the cervix, uterine body or uterine horns, some people recommend incomplete penetration of the cervical culvert and deposition of semen in the cervix.
The recto-vaginal technique is more difficult to acquire and exercise is essential for acceptable proficiency only the advantages make this method of insemination more than desirable than other known methods. With exercise, the skillful technician presently learns to thread the cervix over the catheter with ease. If dispensable catheters are used and proper sanitation measures are followed, there is petty chance of infection being carried from i cow to another.
Timing of Insemination for Maximum Conception
A frequent question apropos AI is: What time during heat should cows be bred for greatest risk of conception? Since estrus may concluding from 10 to 25 hours there is considerable latitude in possible time of insemination. Much research piece of work has been conducted on this bailiwick.
Controlled investigations were conducted by Trim Berger and Davis at Nebraska in 1943. These and other studies show that formulation charge per unit is lower when cows are bred prior to mid oestrus or later than 6 hours after abeyance of estrus (standing heat in this case). Maximal formulation is obtained when cows are inseminated betwixt mid estrus and the end of standing estrus, with good results up to 6 hours after estrus.
Success in insemination timing is dependent upon a skillful heat detection program. In large herds, this means assigning individual responsibility for heat detection and a continued pedagogy programme for labor. A successful rut detection program and subsequent proper timing of insemination will pay dividends in increasing reproductive efficiency.
A practical recommendation for timing of insemination
| Cows showing estrus | Should be inseminated | Tool belatedly for good results |
| In morning | Same day | Next 24-hour interval |
| In afternoon | Forenoon of next day or early afternoon | After 3 p.m. |
(Source: www.earth-agronomics.com)
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Source: https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal_husbandry/animhus_cattle_AI.html
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